Marked solved!
First, thanks a lot for the responses and the time that went in them.
Sometimes the vaguest problems have the easiest solutions. The most right bottom hose clamp was turned in such a way it blocked the butterfly. The manual says that the middle two bottom clamps should be turned about 35 degrees to avoid blocking the butterfly. I guess the previous owner misread and turned all clamps 35 degrees. I couldn't see it until I was ready to disassemble the butterfly. It cost me some time to find out, but I hope someone else can avoid this by reading this topic.
The culprit: