My meter started working again. I'm not sure what the issue was, but I believe I was 100% able to verify the connections between the coolant temp sensor, ECU, and ground connections. The sensors themselves also appear to work fine, showing ~2200 ohms at ambient temperature.
I dug into the airbox and checked the function of the intake vane/valve thingy and it was moving freely. I did notice a ton of corrosion on the pins in the port on the side of the plenum thing. I gave those a good cleaning before reassembling, and the bike fired up effortlessly! I let the bike idle and warm up for a bit as I still needed to burp the coolant after refilling. It was smoking quite a bit at first, which I assumed was all the gas from my repeated attempts at starting it without air over the last few months, and the smoking mostly went away after a couple minutes. However, after 5 minutes or so the bike started to struggle a bit. I'd give it some throttle and it would pop as the revs came down. Eventually it was stumbling terribly and died. No overheating light and I don't think the fan ever came on. After letting it sit for 20 minutes, I started it again and it ran better, but after a minute or two of warming up it started to succumb to the same conditions.
I took the bike around the block a few times and it was really struggling. I'm not competent enough to say if it was running lean or rich, but it would hesitate to accelerate and felt really underpowered, and wouldn't rev past 5k RPM or so. I'll try starting the bike cold again tomorrow and see if it repeats the same pattern of firing up and running happily before warming up and running like crap.